Questions On Breast Cancer Progression Essay - 1213 Words

Discussion: Breast cancers mostly invade into adjacent regions and metastasize to lymph nodes and distant organs. To develop novel treatments strategies, it is essential to address factors underlying tumorgenesis, invasion and metastasis. In this study, we identified Bmi-1, S100A4 and claudin-1 as important players in breast cancer progression. The current study illustrated the expression of these markers in primary breast cancer tissues, followed by demonstrating the association between their expressions and clinicopathological features and finally addressed their role in breast cancer prognosis. Regarding Bmi-1, in our study it was expressed in 58% of breast cancer cases; nearby results were reported by other investigators in their immunohistochemical studies (Kim et al., 2004; Choi et al., 2009; Guo et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012). Moreover, there was a significant association between Bmi-1 expression and histopathological type, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, nodal metastasis, distant metastasis and tumor stage. These results confirm the intimate relation between Bmi-1 and breast cancer progression leading to aggressive behavior. These correlations are similar to results observed by Guo et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2012). Guo et al.,2011 observed that over 90% of the late-stage cases (stages III/IV) showed high Bmi-1 expression, whereas less than 50% of the early-stage cases (stages I/II) showed high expression. Moreover, they found that 67.1% ofShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1134 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer affects so many w omen around the world. Even with the technology and medicine we have today to treat this deadly disease, the pain a patient experiences with breast cancer is still relentless. 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Cyclin D1 is found within 10-20% of breast cancer patients maki ng it a prime suspect too why patients are becoming resistant to treatmentRead MoreCp55 Case Study1225 Words   |  5 Pagesa marker of malignancy risk, prognosis and therapy outcome CEP55 has been identified in the prognostic signature for multiple cancers as demonstrated in Table 1 (have to insert the table). Carter et al. have shown that CEP55 is part of the top 70 genes identified as responsible for CIN (CIN70 signature) from analysis involving 12 cancer types such as lung, breast, glioma, memedulloblastoma, mesothelioma and lymphoma [276]. CIN70 along with its subset CIN25 significantly correlate with clinicalRead MoreQualitative Research Critique II 2843 Words   |  4 PagesMBSR training for women with breast cancer. They did six meta-analyses that examined people’s psychological distress (Rouleau, Garland, Carlson, 2015, pg. 121). During this study, there were questions asked to the participants. The authors ensured that the questions were open ended and in a non-directive manner. It allowed the participants to be able to speak freely about their experiences (Schellenkens Jansen, 2015, pg. 1814). This article gave one question that the authors, SchellenkensRead MoreThe Effects Of Genetic Mutations On Dna Repair Systems And Mutations883 Words   |  4 PagesSeveral decades of cancer research have identified thousands of mutation causing carcinogens, genetic mutations in DNA repair systems and mutations that cause dysregulation in critical signal pathways involved in cell cycle progression, cell growth and programmed cell death. Human cancers cannot be classified as a single disease because they are each unique on the molecular level. Often the same documented cancer type can inflict two patients with similar symptoms, but the required treatment forRead MoreResearch On Cancer And Psychology1610 Words    |  7 PagesQinyue Ban Prof. Scala WRI 102 14 Nov. 2014 Cancer and Psychology The common argue which in medical area is the scientist’s keen to research about the relationship between the cancer and psychology. Cancer is comment disease, also as known as malignant tumors, has become a threat to human health and life of common disease, even become a major case of human death. Cancer occurred for any age, race, and gender. The reason and the result of the cancer are different because of the diverse of populationRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesCancer remains a major disease in the United States and causes a burden not just to individuals but also to the society in general. It was estimated more than 1.6 million new cases will be diagnosed in the United States in 2016, and approximately 600,000 patients will succumb to cancer1. Through the effort of screening (mammography for breast cancer, colonoscopy for colon cancer, to name a few) some cancers can now be detected early on when local resection is still feasibl e. However, many cancersRead MoreThe Importance Of Detection Of Breast Cancer Cells1211 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in women and it is estimated that in 2017, 5000 women will die of this disease in Canada2. The main reason for death is due to metastases in other organs and circulating tumour cells (CTCs) may be the main cause of metastatic lesions1. CTCs detach from the primary tumour and travel through blood or lymphatic vessels to form a secondary tumour1. The purpose of the 2016 preliminary study was to determine if CTCs can be detected in the bloodRead MoreHow Metastasis Is An Complex Process1570 Words   |  7 PagesMetastasis is an extraordinarily complex process. A sequence of steps is executed by a cancer cell to successfully form distant colonies at a secondary site. Typically, cancer cells escape from the primary tumour, break through basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues, encounter the circulatory syste m and/or lymphatics and travel to distant sites. Finally, they are arrested in small capillaries while being able to grow and form new tumours.[1] Tumour cells acting through this multistep metastaticRead MoreWhat Is The Cost Effectiveness Of Infliximab1619 Words   |  7 PagesSeven articles were finally evaluated in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. All of these papers found explaining the research question and the economic evaluation explicitly. Ron Goeree et al., studied cost-effectiveness of secukinumab 150 mg and 300 mg compared to subcutaneous biologics adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, and ustekinumab, and intravenous biologics infliximab and infliximab biosimilar in biologic-naive and biologic-experienced patients over a lifetime horizon

The Equal Protection Clause Of The Fourteenth Amendment

The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was at first created to protect against racial discrimination, but the Supreme Court later expanded the clause to also providing equal treatment amongst different races. The clause says, â€Å"No state shall†¦deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† (U.S. Constitution. Art./Amend. XIV, Sec. 1.) A person could not be discriminated upon solely because of his or her race and if the law treated a group of people differently, then a valid reason for the discrepancy of different treatment must exist. Racial minorities, but mainly women, have historically been subjected and made vulnerable to harsh restrictions on activities such as voting, attending college, and working as lawyers. These restrictions, based on stereotypes overlooked the actual capability and potential of each individual woman. For many cases dealing with discrimination of women, the Court looked to an other important element of equal protection, which stated that unfair treatment couldn’t be based on immutable distinctions, such as race and gender, because those fixed distinctions are uncontrollable and unrelated to ability. In the case of Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), the Supreme Court was just one vote short of adopting gender as a suspect classification. In United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996), women rights supporters were very pleased with the Supreme Court’s ruling and remainShow MoreRelatedThe Equal Protection Clause Of The Fourteenth Amendment976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe University of Texas with the claim that the University had violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 13th Amendment. The main question that arose in the question was, â€Å"does the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment permit the consideration of race in undergraduate admissions decisions†. The overall decision of the Supreme Court was that the University of Texas hadn’t violated the Equal Protection Clause, and in fact that they were permitted to consider race in the admissions processRead MoreThe Equal Protection Clause From The Fourteenth Amendment1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Equal Protection Clause derives from the Fourteenth Amendment, which specifies â€Å"no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As a part of the Reconstruction Amendments, the aforementioned clause was meant to ensure racial equality in the Reconstruction Period and has been applied successfully against the affirmative action. Introduced in United States v. Carolene Products Co., the strict scrutiny has been applied to the cases, in which a fundamentalRead MoreA Closer Look At The Fourteenth Amendment s Equal Protection Clause2421 Words   |  10 PagesMarkus Allard Professor Anne Redding Administrative Justice 245 20 November 2016 A Closer Look At The Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause Our 14th amendment is perhaps the most important amendment because it helps defend some of our fundamental rights. This amendment extends the due process procedure to all citizens when trying to deprive them of life, liberty, or property. The amendment also ensures that everyone born in the United States or naturalized is guaranteed citizenship. ThisRead MoreThe Fourteenth And Fourteenth Amendment1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment Want to learn how everyone is equal? On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court came to a decision that had immediate repercussions on the lives of black and white American citizens. 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The Fourteenth Amendment states that no person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. As a result, Affirmative action is not consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment. In this essay, I will first discuss the violation of Affirmative Action against the Fourteenth Amendment. Second, how AffirmativeRead MoreLoving V. Virginia, Introduction, Facts, Legal Background1567 Words   |  7 PagesLoving v. Virginia Interracial marriage: Respecting the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. I. INTRODUCTION This case note will examine the 1967 landmark Supreme Court case of Loving v. Virginia. The Loving v. Virginia case touched on constitutional principles including equality, federalism, and liberty. Just over 30 years ago, it was a crime for interracial couples in Virginia to marry, or to live as husband and wife. Prior to the 1967 case of Loving v. Virginia

Mythological Aspects of the Aeneid Free Essays

â€Å"Compare and contrast the mythological aspects of the Aeneid with those found in the Greek Iliad and Odyssey. Do you think Aeneas is more of a hero than either Achilles or Odysseus? Explain your answer. † In order to properly compare and contrast the mythological aspects of Aeneid with Iliad and Odyssey, the authors must first be examined as their writing style and personal history influences their stories. We will write a custom essay sample on Mythological Aspects of the Aeneid or any similar topic only for you Order Now Homer, the author of Iliad and Odyssey, was both a poet and an entertainer, and is revered as one of the greatest Greek authors who lived.He was spontaneous and easily captivated his audiences with his stories of Greek gods and heroes, although he was a man of humble decent with no political aim to his poetry. His works were originally presented orally and later dictated. (Powell, 2009). Aeneid was written by Vergil, a well educated son of a farmer â€Å"steeped in written Greek poetry and philosophy and in personal contact with the most powerful men in the world. † (Powell, 2009).Vergil lived between 70 – 19 BC, many years after Homer, and was obviously inspired by Homer’s Odyssey and Iliad to write Aeneid. Unlike Greek culture and religion surrounding Homer’s mythology, the Romans accepted their myths with the same propriety as their history, serving political as well as moral purposes. (Powell, 2009). At first glance, one might see the significant influence that Homer’s works had on Vergil’s Aeneid, and even fail to see much difference between them.Both authors have taken stories of the gods’ influences on men and the earth, incorporated values such as â€Å"honor and destiny† (Powell, 2009), and the timeframe for which they were written are also similar, even though the two authors lived many years apart. However, the difference seems most significant how the authors’ characters are portrayed and the underlying meaning of the stories themselves. As mentioned above, Vergil’s work had more to do with a political and moral agenda than that of entertainment.Unlike Homer’s characters who act and express emotion and truly are who they pretend to be, Vergil’s Aeneid was intended to represent more than this. â€Å"Characters and events in Vergil’s myths have various levels of meaning; they stand for more than meets the eye. † (Powell, 2009). Vergil had a political agenda with this work, which was to satisfy Rome’s need for the world to depict Roman conquest and Augustus’ regime as superior. (Powell, 2009). So the reflection of these stories’ emotional impact is quite different when seen for what they are.Homer’s works were for entertainment and of Greek cultural and religious influence, relating to his people’s history. Vergil’s Aeneid was written as propaganda, and stem from Greek mythological influence on the Italians. I find that Vergil’s work has a darker, more serious undertone when recognizing that he was not just writing about mythological characters, but rather the current regime and future of the world.References: Powell, B. P. (2009). Classical Myth 6th Edition. New York: Pearson Inc. How to cite Mythological Aspects of the Aeneid, Papers

Evaluation Of Audit Independence Threats

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation Of Audit Independence Threats. Answer: Introduction Auditors independent is a very important factor to be considered during an audit practice or process. Auditing as a practice in the business sector is one of the most valued services ensuring growth of any business institution like the one in the case study given. For any audit exercise to succeed auditors must be allowed with an opportunity to operate on their own will. Audit independence has therefore been distinguished by many researchers and scholars as the opportunity of an auditor to operate on his or her own will without any factor limiting his or her audit judgment. Apart from the researcher the ISB has defined audit independence as the ability of an auditor to operate freely without any factors on their way which can prevent them from being impartial, sensible and reasonably upright while conducting an audit review. The content of the paper therefore evaluates various threats to audit independence and other issues surrounding audit independence in relation to the two provide d case studies. Threats to audit independence Cover up for a client Audit independence being a very important factor while conducting an audit, it can sometimes be vulnerable to various factors such as covering or backing up the client firm by an auditor. As revealed within the conversation with Michael it is evident that the audit independence will be vulnerable based on the prevailing relationships. Michael from the conversation is likely to cover up for the father who is the top staff officer in charge of all the client firm records. In case of mistakes or misquotations, Michael is likely to cover up for the father leading to inappropriate audit judgment (Blay and Geiger 2013). This kind of threat also occurs when the client firm acts as a patron to the client firm. As revealed within the first conversation the management of the client firm wants chief auditor of the CJ audit to represent them through speech during an event. In such situations audit independence is likely not to apply as auditors operate without their will but that of the client. Self interest threat From the conversation in the situation one in the case study one, the audit independence is likely to be affected by a threat known as self interest threats. The client firm is planning on taking two of the top most officials in the CJ audit firm out. This kind of threat occurs when an auditor accepts a token from the client. The LTH Company which is the client firm is revealed to have a plan of taking the two officials to a 14 day occasion to Greek Isles covering every one of the costs. In such a circumstance the organization won't be reasonable to be the inspecting organization since the acknowledgment of blessings may prompt dishonorable examining (Cannon and Bedard 2016). In such circumstances where the head of review group has been given token, they tend to audit the organization budgetary records with a considerable measure of self enthusiasm covering botches. In this case the auditors will probably work hard to return a favor back to the client firm leading in valid audits. Safeguards to audit independence threats Even though the audit independence can be affected by various factors as the once mentioned above, the CJ as a firm can still put in place various steps in order to manage their independence. These factors which can be put in place for the management of audit independence are known as the safeguards to audit independence. Some of the safeguards which can be employed by the CJ audit firm include: Audit shifts According to the prevailing situations in the case study revealed through the conversations, one of the safeguards that can be employed is the audit turns. This can be employed to eradicate threats which may be within the firm such as familiarity and issue relating to trust. The issue of Michael and Annette as per the case study can be controlled and prevented through application of audit shifts. Annette has developed trust with client firm and mentioned that there will be no need for maximum audits in the taxation records since they had just conclude audits on the same months ago (Cohen et.al 2014). In such like circumstances the audit independence no longer apply since her audit judgments have been influenced by trust and familiarity. Michael on the other hand s likely to cover for his father during the audits as the father is the one recording and analysis financial records within the client firm. The relationship between him and the dad can be avoided during auditing when auditin g shift is introduced. Observation of audit rules and ethics Most of the threats highlighted and discussed above can be prevented with proper observation of the norms. The audit rules and ethics always cover for the audit independence. The issue of forcing the audit firm to give speech on the behalf of the client firm can be avoided with observations of rules set for auditors (DeFond and Zhang 2014). Operational risks Company in the case study two is involved with the sales of machinery and machinery spare parts, most of services are therefore operational. The firm also offers a periodic warranty for their clients the process in which mechanics from various organizations are hired to offer maintenances services which require transport as well as other costs (Dhaliwal et.al 2015). Transport risks The organization in the study offers services and sales to customers who operates locally thereby locate in the remote areas. The company offer transportation services to their customers as after sale services therefore increased cost (Quick and Warming 2015). The company also offers maintenance for their clients who are remotely located as already mentioned leading to more expenditure thereby reduced speculated profit margin. Inherent risk From the case the most audit risk to be noticed during the 2015 audits in the inherent risks which occur at the audit report level. Inherent risks occurs as a result of misquotes of figures during sales or maintenance services (Quick and Warming 2015). Most of the operations are conducted by external mechanics who may misquotes figures during their operation such accommodation cost among as other costs incurred. Accounts likely to be affected by the 2015 audits The company mostly operates with the payable accounts where they are involves with payments where they pay for the purchased stock from various manufactures. They also pay for labor which in most cases the company involves external workers. There the accounts likely to be effected are the payable accounts which may suffer from misquotes (Quick and Warming 2015). The most likely to be affected are purchases and salary and wages accounts. References Blay, A.D. and Geiger, M.A., 2013. Auditor fees and auditor independence: Evidence from going concern reporting decisions. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(2), pp.579-606. Cannon, N. and Bedard, J.C., 2016. Auditing challenging fair value measurements: Evidence from the field. The Accounting Review. Cohen, J.R., Krishnamoorthy, G. and Wright, A., 2014. Enterprise risk management and the financial reporting process: The experiences of audit committee members, CFOs, and external auditors. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), pp.275-326. Dhaliwal, D.S., Lamoreaux, P.T., Lennox, C.S. and Mauler, L.M., 2015. Management Influence on Auditor Selection and Subsequent Impairments of Auditor Independence during the Post?SOX Period. Contemporary Accounting Research, 32(2), pp.575-607. Quick, R. and Warming?Rasmussen, B., 2015. An Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Non?audit Services on Auditor Independence in Appearance in the European Union: Evidence from Germany. Journal of International Financial Management Accounting, 26(2), pp.150-187.